About Genus Serrasalmus 

[Lacepède 1803]

Photo of varying body shape of a Serrasalmus species (top) and a Pygocentrus (bottom).

Etymology

Latin, serran, serranus, saw and a fish of genus Serranus + Latin, salmo = salmon

INTRODUCTION

If you do not want to read this article, you may click this link to access the Serrasalmus List near the bottom of this page.

The genus Serrasalmus is the beginning of piranha and pirambeba placement. It is based on the oldest species, the type genus Serrasalmus which was formerly the type genus of the family. This genus was erected for Salmo rhombeus (Linnaeus, 1766), the first species placed in the genus. The species of this genus pertain primarily to the species that feed on fins of other fish, primarily when juvenile, later graduating to whole fish. (Goulding, 1980; Machado and Garcia, 1986; Nico and Taphorn, 1988; Nico, 1990). A new Serrasalmus species recently discovered in Venezuela is believed to eat plants (Machado, 2003), but at this time, the species remains un-described and unnamed. Like the true piranhas, scientists today now understand that these fish enjoy a wide variety of foods including plants and seeds. No longer are they considered strictly fin eaters, though that does remain part of their diet. Hobbyists today, have largely ignored this Serrasalmus diet and have experimented with putting these genus with other non-piranha species. Only to quickly learn, the beast will bite fins. While that in itself is not dangerous, should any part of the body or flesh be bitten and blood and juices released, then that fish will more than likely be eaten.

The genus has many problems because many species of piranha were lumped into this single genus Serrasalmus by historic authors. They form a natural group differing from other Characidae in the keeled and serrated abdomen, bearing a median series of sharp-edged bony plates with backwardly- directed points. They show further agreement in their compressed and (generally) elevated body, comparatively long dorsal fin, long anal fin with oblique base, small scales, naked predorsal line. Many of these species were described based on a single specimen, like Serrasalmus niger (Schomburgk 1841) and S. boekeri (Ahl 1931). This last specimen was based on an aquarium specimen with no exact locality. S. niger is the exception in it being a large example of S. rhombeus according to Géry (1977:291).

The genus Serrasalmus as a whole are very confusing. These fish particularly when larvae, look very similar to Pristobrycon juveniles. Very little research has been done on developmental changes on the majority of species. The Serrasalminae are characterized by their many ontogenetic growth changes form juvenile to adult. This was evident from the historical placement of species based on juveniles, adults, and breeding adults being placed as a new species by authors who were not well informed on the variety of morphological changes these species would evolve from. Various authors have tried to cut down the number of species. Eigenmann (1915) recognized 12 species in genus Serrasalmus. Norman (1929) reduced the number to 8 species, and synonymized 12 of them. Géry (1972), recognized 2 species from Guyana: S. rhombeus and S. eigenmanni. Later this author would recognize only 12 species for the entire continent. Géry (1977), included new species as valid 9 species in Serrasalmus (subgenus Serrasalmus) and in 1976 in his work completed the synonymy.

Since the time of Norman (1929) and Géry (1972, 1976 and 1977), there has not been any serious attempts to revise the genus. Ahl (1931), Fernández-Yépez (1951, 1965), Ramirez (1965) and Fernández-Yépez and Ramirez (1967), described various species (a total of 8) but they did not come up with a list of characters and relationships for these species or newer ones they described. Mago (1970) recognized a total of 14 species in Serrasalmus. However, he followed previous authors and included species in genera Pristobrycon and Pygocentrus. Some of the species grow huge, for example S. rhombeus which can grow larger than 500 mm SL. The majority of these species in Serrasalmus are solitary and do not form any solid groups. 

The number of species nominated, the difficulty in examining the types, which are spread out among various museums and countries of Europe, America, the loss of type specimens and the lack of good descriptions has been a hindrance for the study. This group is very important and does need to be revised with better descriptions, their ecology and economic importance in relationship to Phylogenetic and biology. Hobbyist generally confuse synonyms as actual species, usually the result of reading outdated and sometimes erroneous published piranha books that are available in pet stores. 

SCIENCE

*Serrasalmo* is a misspelling or unjustified emendation. Valid as *Serrasalmus* Lacepède 1803 -- (Géry 1972:208 [ref. 1594], Géry 1976:52 [ref. 14199], Géry 1977:278 [ref. 1597], Géry et al. 1987:449 [ref. 6001], Taphorn 1992:328 [ref. 23654], Britski et al. 1999:66 [ref. 24147]). (Salmo rhombeus Linnaeus , 1766)

Serrasalmo Duméril 1806:146, 342 Masc. Salmo rhombeus Linnaeus 1766. Type by subsequent designation. Latin on p. 342. Type designated by Fowler 1950:279 [not researched]. Perhaps not intended as a new name -- Serrasalmo Lacepède in parentheses; apparently can be regarded as an incorrect subsequent spelling. Objective synonym of Serrasalmus Lacepède 1803. Serrasalmus Lacepède 1803. Characidae: Serrasalminae.

RECOGNIZED VARIOUS VALID SPECIES LIST BY HISTORICAL AUTHORS (Incomplete) REHABILITATED

Genus Pygopristis has always historically maintained its monotypic rank.

HISTORICAL VALID SPECIES LIST - RECOGNIZED UNTIL 1993 REHABILITATED (REVISED)

William L. Fink and Antonio Machado-Allison , 1978-1993

CURRENT SPECIES AND THE COUNTRY RANGE,  1987-2007

Antonio Machado-Allison, W. L. Fink, and Michel Jégu

Species listed with a question mark (?) are those that have not been authenticated by current rehabilitations.

ARGENTINA

BOLIVIA

NOTE: Presently, S. rhombeus is wide spread, but is also proving to be a very complex species. Its variety of body color and pattern markings provide evidence then this species needs to be carefully reviewed. Dr. Michel Jégu, a French ichthyologist is presently examining some Bolivian species of S. rhombeus-morph types that are unusual.

BRAZIL

COLUMBIA

ECUADOR

FRENCH GUIANA

GUYANA

PARAGUAY

PERU

SURINAME

URUGUAY

VENEZUELA

Current Valid Species. Click button to access list:

Contributors and Advisors

Jégu, Michel

REFERENCES 

1. NORMAN, J.R., The South American Characid Fishes of the Subfamily Serrasalmoninœ, with a Revision of the Genus Serrasalmus Lacepéde. 1928

2. Duméril, A. M. C.   1806 Zoologie analytique, ou méthode naturelle de classification des animaux. Paris. Zool. Analytique: i-xxxiii + 1-344. [Genera are Latinized in "Table Latine" on pp. 331-344.]

3. Lacepède, B. G. E.   1803 (11 July) Histoire naturelle des poissons. Hist. Nat. Poiss. v. 5: i-lxviii + 1-803 + index, Pls. 1-21. [Publication date: Hureau & Monod 1973, v. 2: 323.]

4. Géry, J.   1972 (19 Dec.) Poissons characoïdes des Guyanes. I. Généralités. II. Famille des Serrasalmidae. Zool. Verh. (Leiden) No. 122: 1-250, Pls. 1-16.

5. Géry, J.   1976 (18 Mar.) Les genres de Serrasalmidae (Pisces, Characoidei). Bull. Zool. Mus. Univ. Amst. v. 5 (no. 6): 47-54.

6. Géry, J.   1977 Characoids of the world. T. F. H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. Characoids World: 1-672.

7. Géry, J., V. Mahnert and C. Dlouhy   1987 (July) Poissons characoïdes non Characidae du Paraguay (Pisces, Ostariophysi). Rev. Suisse Zool. v. 94 (no. 2): 357-464.

8. Taphorn, D. C.   1992 The characiform fishes of the Apure River drainage, Venezuela. Biollania Edición Especial - No. 4. Monografias Cientificas del Museo de Ciencias Naturales, UNELLEZ -- Guanara, estado Portuguesa, Venezuela. 1-537.

9. Britski, H. A., K. Z. de S. de Silimon and B. S. Lopes   1999 Peixes do Pantanal. Manual de identificaçao. Embrapa. Serviçao de Produçal -SPI, Brasía, DF. Peixes Pantanal: 1-184.

10. Machado-Allison, Antonio., Fink, William L. 1996 Los Peces Caribes de Venezuela, Diagnosis, Claves, Aspectos Ecologicos Y Evolutivos. 

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UPDATED: 07/09/2007